You are watching: How can you describe the electrical charge of an ionic compound
The substances defined in the preceding conversation are composed of molecule that are electrically neutral; the is, the number of positively-charged protons in the cell nucleus is same to the number of negatively-charged electrons. In contrast, ions space atoms or assemblies of atom that have actually a net electric charge. Ions that contain fewer electrons than protons have actually a net hopeful charge and are called cations. Conversely, ion that contain more electrons than protons have actually a net an unfavorable charge and also are called anions. Ionic compounds contain both cations and anions in a proportion that outcomes in no net electrical charge.
In covalent compounds, electrons are shared between bonded atoms and are all at once attracted to more than one nucleus. In contrast, ionic compounds contain cations and anions rather than discrete neutral molecules. Ionic link are held together through the attractive electrostatic interactions between cations and also anions. In one ionic compound, the cations and anions are arranged in space to form an expanded three-dimensional selection that maximizes the variety of attractive electrostatic interactions and also minimizes the variety of repulsive electrostatic interaction (Figure (PageIndex1)). As displayed in Equation ( efEq1), the electrostatic energy of the interaction in between two charged particles is proportional to the product that the dues on the particles and inversely proportional come the distance between them:
< ext electrostatic energy propto Q_1Q_2 over r labelEq1>
where (Q_1) and (Q_2) are the electric charges on particles 1 and also 2, and (r) is the distance in between them. Once (Q_1) and (Q_2) space both positive, corresponding to the dues on cations, the cations repel each other and also the electrostatic power is positive. As soon as (Q_1) and also (Q_2) space both negative, matching to the dues on anions, the anions repel every other and also the electrostatic energy is again positive. The electrostatic energy is an unfavorable only once the charges have actually opposite signs; that is, positively charged varieties are attractive to negatively charged types and angry versa.
If the electrostatic power is positive, the corpuscle repel each other; if the electrostatic power is negative, the particles are attracted to each other.
One instance of an ionic compound is sodium chloride (NaCl; figure (PageIndex3)), created from sodium and chlorine. In creating invernessgangshow.netical compounds, many aspects have a tendency to gain or lose sufficient electrons to achieve the same number of electrons together the noble gas closest to them in the regular table. As soon as sodium and chlorine come right into contact, each salt atom gives up one electron to end up being a Na+ ion, v 11 protons in that nucleus but only 10 electrons (like neon), and each chlorine atom benefit an electron to become a Cl− ion, through 17 protons in the nucleus and also 18 electrons (like argon), as displayed in part (b) in number (PageIndex1). Solid sodium chloride has equal number of cations (Na+) and also anions (Cl−), thus maintaining electrical neutrality. Each Na+ ion is surrounded by 6 Cl− ions, and also each Cl− ion is surrounding by 6 Na+ ions. Since of the big number of attractive Na+Cl− interactions, the complete attractive electrostatic energy in NaCl is great.
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Consistent with a tendency to have actually the same variety of electrons as the nearest noble gas, when creating ions, elements in teams 1, 2, and 3 often tend to shed one, two, and three electrons, respectively, to type cations, such together Na+ and Mg2+. Lock then have the same variety of electrons as the nearest noble gas: neon. Similarly, K+, Ca2+, and Sc3+ have 18 electrons each, prefer the nearest noble gas: argon. In addition, the aspects in team 13 lose three electrons to type cations, such together Al3+, again attaining the same variety of electrons together the noble gas closest to them in the routine table. Since the lanthanides and also actinides formally belong to group 3, the most typical ion developed by these aspects is M3+, wherein M to represent the metal. Conversely, elements in teams 17, 16, and 15 regularly react to gain one, two, and also three electrons, respectively, to form ions such as Cl−, S2−, and also P3−. Ions such as these, which contain just a solitary atom, are referred to as monatomic ions. The fees of many monatomic ions derived from the key group facets can it is in predicted by simply looking in ~ the routine table and counting how numerous columns an element lies indigenous the too much left or right. For example, barium (in team 2) creates Ba2+ to have actually the same variety of electrons as its nearest noble gas, xenon; oxygen (in team 16) develops O2− to have the same variety of electrons as neon; and also cesium (in team 1) creates Cs+, which has actually the same number of electrons as xenon. Keep in mind that this method is ineffective for many of the shift metals. Some common monatomic ions are detailed in Table (PageIndex1).
| Li+ lithium | Be2+ beryllium | N3− nitride (azide) | O2− oxide | F− fluoride | ||
| Na+ sodium | Mg2+ magnesium | Al3+ aluminum | P3− phosphide | S2− sulfide | Cl− chloride | |
| K+ potassium | Ca2+ calcium | Sc3+ scandium | Ga3+ gallium | As3− arsenide | Se2− selenide | Br− bromide |
| Rb+ rubidium | Sr2+ strontium | Y3+ yttrium | In3+ indium | Te2− telluride | I− iodide | |
| Cs+ cesium | Ba2+ barium | La3+ lanthanum |
Ions the Atoms: https://youtu.be/mh71O8g40Kc